EFFECTS OF FOUR COMMONLY USED PLANT PROTEIN SOURCES ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE, AMINO ACIDS RETENTION AND ANTIOXIDANT ENZYME ACTIVITIES IN JUVENILE CHINESE MITTEN CRAB, ERIOCHIER SINENSIS
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摘要: 为了筛选适宜于养殖中华绒螯蟹幼蟹的饲料植物蛋白源，探究不同植物蛋白源饲料对幼蟹生长性能、氨基酸沉积率和抗氧化性能等方面的影响，以50%的鱼粉配制基础饲料（记为FM），分别采用30.5%发酵豆粕、32.5%豆粕、28%棉粕和39%菜粕替代基础饲料中鱼粉总量的50%，配制成4种等氮等能的饲料（分别记为FSBM、SBM、CSM和RSM），投喂初始体重为（0.249±0.003）g的中华绒螯蟹幼蟹8周。结果表明：（1）与FM组相比，FSBM、SBM和CSM组的增重率、特定生长率、饲料系数、蛋白质效率和蛋白质沉积率均没有显著性差异；RSM组的增重率与FM组相比差异不显著（P>0.05），但显著低于SBM组（P < 0.05），而其饲料系数则显著高于FM、FSBM及SBM组（P < 0.05），蛋白质效率显著低于其他各组（P < 0.05），蛋白质沉积率显著低于SBM和CSM组（P < 0.05）。（2）不同植物蛋白组的总必需氨基酸沉积率和FM组相比差异不显著（P>0.05），而RSM组总必需氨基酸沉积率显著低于FSBM和CSM组（P < 0.05）。（3）与FM组相比，不同植物蛋白组蟹的血清和肝胰腺中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-PX）活性和肝胰腺丙二醛（MDA）含量并没有显著的影响，而RSM组血清丙二醛（MDA）含量显著的高于其他各组（P < 0.05）。结果表明，在幼蟹饲料中，豆粕、发酵豆粕和棉粕替代基础配方中鱼粉的50%后并未对幼蟹的生长性能、氨基酸沉积率及抗氧化能力造成负面的影响，发酵豆粕、豆粕和棉粕可以作为替代鱼粉的适宜蛋白源，且添加水平约在30%左右。菜粕替代后降低了饲料的利用和氨基酸沉积效率，这可能是由于菜粕的蛋白质消化率低、含有相应的抗营养因子和添加水平过高所致，建议使用前应适当进行脱毒处理，并与或和其他植物蛋白配伍使用。Abstract: Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) is an importantly economic species for aquaculture in China due to its desirable taste and nutrient content. In the past decades, with the continuous expansion of crab farm and artificial feed development, the increasing demand for fish meal by aquaculture industry makes fish meal an increasingly expensive and limiting commodity. This study investigated the effects of dietary partial replacement of fishmeal (FM) by four commonly used plant protein sources on juvenile Chinese mitten crab, with a basic diet containing 50% fishmeal as the control, and other four diets with 50% fishmeal replaced by 30.50% fermented soybean meal (FSBM), 32.50% soybean meal (SBM), 28% cottonseed meal (CSM), and 39% rapeseed meal (RSM). Each diet was fed to four replicates of juvenile E. sinensis (0.249±0.003 g) for 8 weeks. The results showed that no differences were found in weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency, and protein retention when compared crab fed the three test diets (FSBM, SBM, CSM) with the FM diet. The weight gain of E. sinensis fed RSM was not different from crab fed FM, but was lower than crab fed SBM (P < 0.05). Feed conversion ratio of E. sinensis fed RSM was higher than those fed FM, FSBM and SBM. Protein efficiency of E. sinensis fed RSM was lower than all other groups (P < 0.05). Protein retention of E. sinensis fed RSM was lower than crab fed SBM or CSM (P < 0.05).No differences were found in the contents of the whole crab body moisture, ash, crude lipid, and total essential amino acid retention rate of the four plant protein sources groups relative to the FM group. However, the whole crab crude protein content of crab fed RSM was lower than crab fed SBM or CSM (P < 0.05). The total essential amino acid retention of crab fed RSM was lower than crab fed FSBM or CSM (P < 0.05). Superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities in both serum and hepatopancreas of crab were not different when compared the groups of the four plant protein sources with the FM group. The serum malonaldehyde content of crab fed RSM was higher than crab fed all other diets (P < 0.05). The results indicates that partial replacement of fish meal with FSBM, SBM or CSM will not lead to any negative effects on growth performance, amino acid retention and antioxidant enzyme activities in juvenile Chinese mitten crab. Thus, FSBM, SBM or CSM can be used as alternative plant protein sources to replace fishmeal in diet for Chinese mitten crab up to 30%. However, rapeseed meal is not a suitable protein source due to the lower protein digestibility, anti-nutritional factor contents. In case where rapeseed meal must be used in the diet of E. sinensis, it should be used in combination with other plant protein sources, and adequate process should be conducted to lower contents of the anti-nutritional factors.
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Keywords:
- Eriochier sinensis /
- Plant protein sources /
- Fishmeal /
- Growth /
- Amino acid retention /
- Antioxidant
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表 1 饲料配方组成及营养成分分析
Table 1 Formulation and proximate analysis of the basal diets (%)
成分Ingredients (%) 试验处理组Treatment FM组 FSBM组 SBM组 CSM组 RSM组 鱼粉Fish meal 50 25 25 25 25 发酵豆粕Fermented soybean meal 30.5 豆粕Soybean meal 32.5 棉粕Cottonseed meal 28 菜粕Rapeseed meal 39 肉粉Meat meal 10 10 10 10 10 玉米淀粉Corn starch 21 16 16 21 13 鱼油Fish oil 1 2 2 2 2 豆油Soybean oil 1 2 2 2 2 大豆卵磷脂Lecitin 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 胆固醇Cholesterol 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 多维Vitamin premix 2 2 2 2 2 多矿Mineral premix 3 3 3 3 3 氯化胆碱choline chloride 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 粘合剂Binder 2 2 2 2 2 纤维素Cellulose 8.5 6 4 3.5 0.5 营养成分Nutritional composition 粗蛋白Crude protein (%) 38.24 38.00 37.80 37.82 37.93 粗脂肪Crude lipid (%) 7.56 7.40 7.16 7.24 7.05 总能Gross energy (kJ/g) 18.56 18.45 18.50 17.40 17.57 注:矿物质混合物组成(g/100 g混合物): KH2PO4, 21.5; NaH2PO4, 10.0; Ca (H2PO4)2, 26.5; CaCO3, 10.5; KCl, 2.8; MgSO4·7H2O, 10.0; AlCl3·6H2O, 0.024; ZnSO4·7H2O, 0.476; MnSO4·6H2O, 0.143; KI, 0.023; CuCl2·2H2O, 0.015; CoCl2·6H2O, 0.14; Ca-lactate, 16.50; Fe-citrate, 1.维生素混合物组成(mg/100 g混合物):维生素A, 420000 IU; 维生素C, 6000 mg; 维生素E, 2000 mg; 维生素D3, 120000 IU; 维生素K, 1000 mg; 维生素B1, 1000 mg; 维生素B2, 1000 mg; 维生素B6, 1600 mg; 维生素B12, 2 mg; 烟酸, 5000 mg; 叶酸, 400 mg; 肌醇, 6000 mg; 生物素, 10 mg; 泛酸钙, 3500 mg
Note: Mineral mixture (g/100 g): KH2PO4, 21.5; NaH2PO4, 10.0; Ca (H2PO4)2, 26.5; CaCO3, 10.5; KCl, 2.8; MgSO4·7H2O, 10.0; AlCl3·6H2O, 0.024; ZnSO4·7H2O, 0.476; MnSO4·6H2O, 0.143; KI, 0.023; CuCl2·2H2O, 0.015; CoCl2·6H2O, 0.14; Ca-lactate, 16.50; Fe-citrate, 1. Vitamin mixture (mg/100 g): Vitamin A, 420000 IU; Vitamin C, 6000 mg; Vitamin E, 2000 mg; Vitamin D3, 120000 IU; Vitamin K, 1000 mg; Vitamin B1, 1000 mg; Vitamin B2, 1000 mg; Vitamin B6, 1600 mg; Vitamin B12, 2 mg; Niacin, 5000 mg; Folic acid, 400 mg; Inositol, 6000 mg; Biotin, 10 mg; Calcium pantothenic, 3500 mg
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表 2 不同饲料组的氨基酸组成含量
Table 2 Essential amino acid composition of different diet groups (%)
氨基酸种类
Amino acid types试验处理组Treatment FM组 FSBM组 SBM组 CSM组 RSM组 必需氨基酸Essential amino acids 苯丙氨酸Phenylalanine 1.46 1.66 1.77 1.72 1.46 蛋氨酸Methionine 0.92 0.71 0.75 0.74 0.76 缬氨酸Valine 1.71 1.79 1.83 1.71 1.73 精氨酸Arginine 2.23 2.47 2.59 3.26 2.21 赖氨酸Lysine 2.32 2.28 2.30 2.02 2.08 亮氨酸Leucine 2.56 2.72 2.83 2.44 2.51 苏氨酸Threonine 1.43 1.49 1.54 1.37 1.48 异亮氨酸Isoleucine 1.44 1.55 1.62 1.33 1.40 组氨酸Histidine 0.84 0.94 0.93 0.95 0.87
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表 3 不同植物蛋白对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹生长性能和饲料利用率的影响
Table 3 Growth performance, feed utilization ofE. sinensis fed on the experimental diets (n=4;x±SD)
测定项目Parameter 试验处理组Treatment FM组 FSBM组 SBM组 CSM组 RSM组 存活率Survival (%) 73.33±8.82 74.67±8.74 77.33±4.37 75.56±7.70 70±8.82 增重率Weight gain (%) 781.23±33.99ab 753.37±56.32ab 825.71±28.14b 763.20±45.83ab 706.78±37.15a 特定生长率Specific growth rate (%) 3.89±0.07ab 3.83±0.12ab 3.97±0.05b 3.85±0.10ab 3.73±0.08a 饲料系数Feed conversion ratio 1.4±0.09a 1.54±0.05a 1.44±0.07a 1.59±0.07ab 1.78±0.14b 蛋白质效率Protein efficiency 1.7±0.08b 1.77±0.06b 1.86±0.09b 1.74±0.07b 1.51±0.12a 蛋白质沉积率Protein retention rate (%) 15.88±1.59ab 16.46±3.70ab 17.04±4.44b 16.69±1.32b 11.76±2.79a 注:表中同一列数据中不同字母上标表示显著性差异(P < 0.05);下同
Note: Different superscript letters in the same column donate significant differences between treatments (P < 0.05); the same applies below
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表 4 不同植物蛋白对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹全蟹体成分的影响
Table 4 The whole body composition ofE. sinensis fed on the experimental diets (n=4;x±SD)
测定项目Parameter 试验处理组Treatment FM组 FSBM组 SBM组 CSM组 RSM组 水分Moisture (%) 67.18±3.92 64.74±2.57 67.1±2.69 63.26±1.96 66.89±3.40 粗蛋白Crude protein (%) 12.25±0.71ab 12.48±1.32ab 13.36±1.23b 12.56±1.30b 11.00±1.34a 粗脂肪Crude lipid (%) 5.65±1.06 5.75±0.74 5.02±0.66 5.98±0.51 5.11±0.88 灰分Ash (%) 21.05±3.33 23.09±2.26 22.27±2.44 21.27±2.19 21.76±2.39
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表 5 不同植物蛋白对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹必需氨基酸沉积率的影响
Table 5 The whole body essential amino acids retention rate ofE. sinensis fed on the experimental diets (n=4;x±SD)
氨基酸种类Amino acid types 试验处理组Treatment FM组 FSBM组 SBM组 CSM组 RSM组 苯丙氨酸Phenylalanine 24.80±3.59 25.93±0.97 22.84±0.2 25.97±1.18 21.04±4.69 蛋氨酸Methionine 21.74±2.8b 24.09±1.24b 23.11±1.74b 24.92±2.67b 12.39±2.42a 缬氨酸Valine 22.18±2.71ab 24.76±0.48bc 22.68±0.86abc 27.10±1.52c 18.94±4.15a 精氨酸Arginine 24.33±2.1b 24.63±1.32b 22.54±0.93ab 19.01±1.17a 20.30±4.14ab 赖氨酸Lysine 19.91±1.65b 20.25±0.69b 19.67±0.5b 23.53±1.03c 14.67±2.75a 亮氨酸Leucine 20.04±2.55ab 21.53±0.83bc 19.42±0.36ab 25.09±1.08c 16.74±3.44a 苏氨酸Threonine 22.97±2.95ab 26.22±0.73bc 24.03±0.59ab 29.84±1.49c 19.97±4.24a 异亮氨酸Isoleucine 22.51±2.85ab 24.06±0.96b 21.43±0.5ab 28.92±1.42c 18.80±3.99a 组氨酸Histidine 24.99±3.04 28.04±2.72 23.72±0.79 28.29±3.02 22.44±4.93 总必需氨基酸Total essential amino acids 21.56±3.60ab 24.84±1.06b 20.85±2.16ab 25.71±2.63b 15.68±5.67a
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表 6 不同处理组饲料氨基酸和蟹体氨基酸相关性分析
Table 6 Correlation analysis between diets amino acids and the whole body amino acids ofE. sinensis fed on the experimental diets (n=4;x±SD)
项目Item 试验处理组Treatment FM组 FSBM组 SBM组 CSM组 RSM组 相关系数Correlation factor 0.955** 0.965** 0.969** 0.916** 0.845** P值 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 注: **表示相关性为显著; 显著水平为0.01
Note: ** Indicates a significant correlation; the significance level is 0.01
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表 7 不同植物蛋白对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹血清和肝胰腺的抗氧化相关指标的影响
Table 7 Specific activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) and malonaldehyde (MDA) content in serum and hepatopancreas ofE. sinensis fed on the experimental diets (n=4;x±SD)
测定项目Item 试验处理组Treatment FM组 FSBM组 SBM组 CSM组 RSM组 血清SOD serum SOD (U/mL) 15.01±1.87 15.19±2.19 15.31±1.73 15.84±0.56 13.40±2.23 血清GSH-PX serum GSH-PX (U/mL) 132.78±36.49ab 105.00±41.94ab 160.56±29.45b 161.39±31.18b 92.22±41.16a 血清MDA serum MDA (nmol/mL) 6.59±2.14a 7.72±1.29a 5.80±1.86a 6.95±2.00a 11.78±2.22b 肝胰腺SOD hepatopancreas SOD (U/mgprot) 30.01±4.64 25.66±5.51 26.75±5.33 29.18±6.70 25.59±2.18 肝胰腺GSH-PX hepatopancreas GSH-PX (U/gprot) 152.21±31.02 176.66±52.14 205.82±60.72 152.89±14.57 163.56±53.90 肝胰腺MDA hepatopancreas MDA (mmol/mgprot) 2.91±0.42 2.59±0.68 2.99±0.45 3.48±1.50 4.32±1.19
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