EFFECT OF CLIMATE WARMING AND EUTROPHICATION ON N2O FLUX AT WATER-AIR INTERFACE OF SHALLOW LAKES
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摘要: 研究通过构建中尺度控温围隔模拟系统, 模拟21世纪末气候变化与富营养化趋势, 探讨未来气候变暖与富营养化趋势下浅水湖泊水-气界面N2O交换过程的响应特征及机制。结果表明: (1)恒定与波动升温引起的代谢过程及生物间相互作用的改变显著促进了水-气界面间N2O的排放及年累积释放量, 而磷的添加可能因为影响了水体中反硝化代谢的效率而削弱了水-气界面N2O排放及年累积释放量; (2)实验期间随季节转换, 控制系统内优势的初级生产者由水生植物转变为浮游植物, 水体中有机质含量亦不断积累, 研究结果表明季节变化及初级生产者转换均对水-气界面N2O排放量的增加起到了显著促进作用。在气候变化与富营养化趋势下浅水湖泊水-气界面的N2O交换过程主要受到水体中氮磷含量及其比例的变化、水生植物与浮游植物的转换及有机质的积累过程的影响。因此, 气候变暖(恒定和波动升温)能够促进湖泊N2O排放量的上升, 而变暖和营养盐的交互作用会使水-气界面N2O交换更加复杂。Abstract: Our study built the shallow-lake mesocosm to simulate the N2O exchange process at the water-air interface throughout the whole experimental periods under climate change and eutrophication. (1) Results of the mesocosm experiment demonstrated that constant and fluctuate warming significantly promoted N2O emissions and annual accumulating emissions due to changes in metabolic processes and biotic interactions. Phosphorus addition affected the efficiency of denitrification metabolism in water to weaken the N2O emission at the water-air interface and annual cumulative emission; (2) In the experimental periods, the dominant primary producer in the mesocosm changed from aquatic plant to phytoplankton, and the organic matter content in the water body accumulated continuously. Our study showed that the above two factors have a significant effect on the increase of N2O emission from the water-air interface, and that the fluxes of N2O from shallow lakes under climate change and eutrophication trends were mainly affected by changes in the ratios of N and P in water bodies and primary producers in the accumulation of organic matter. We concluded that constant and fluctuating climate warming can tilt the N2O balance to higher emission, and the combination of warming and nutrients can cause complex interactions in the N2O exchange in the water-air interface.
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Keywords:
- Climate warming /
- Eutrophication /
- Nitrous oxide /
- Shallow lake /
- Fluxes
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图 1 实验期间控制系统内不同处理组的日均水温变化趋势
Figure 1. Daily average water temperature in different treatments in mesocosms during the whole experiment period
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图 2 控制系统内处理组间环境因子的季节性变化特征
Figure 2. Seasonal variation of environmental factors between experimental treatments in the mesocosms
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图 3 控制系统内不同处理N2O交换通量的月度变化特征
Figure 3. Monthly N2O fluxes of each treatment in the mesocosms
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图 4 控制系统中不同处理水-气界面间N2O年累积交换量
Figure 4. Total annual N2O flux in water-air interface of different treatments in the mesocosms
表 1 实验期间控制系统内不同处理的沉水植物PVI指数和浮叶植物盖度的季节性变化特征(均值±标准误)
Table 1 Submerged plant PVI index and floating-leaf plant coverage of each treatment in mesocosms during the different seasons (Mean±SD)
组别Group 沉水植物PVI指数(冬春)
Submerged plant
PVI index (%)浮叶植物盖度(夏秋)
Floating-leaf plant
coverage (%)冬季Winter 春季Spring 夏季summer 秋季Autumn C 10.33±2.22 76.23±3.66 53.27±8.58 28.11±7.26 T 21.33±4.76 77.17±3.66 31.50±8.06 14.39±6.56 V 24.39±4.40 72.81±4.23 28.06±7.43 8.88±3.50 P 7.61±1.77 72.04±4.87 54.01±6.89 36.58±8.00 TP 15.43±3.28 66.25±5.25 24.82±8.45 8.16±4.18 VP 21.68±4.54 70.98±4.66 14.22±3.36 2.17±1.20 
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表 2 控制系统内不同季节N2O交换通量的组间变化特征(均值±标准误)
Table 2 N2O fluxes of each treatment in mesocosms during the different experiment periods (Mean±SD)
组别Group N2O交换通量N2O fluxes [mg/(m2·d)] 冬季Winter 春季Spring 夏季Summer 秋季Autumn 全年Total year C –0.033±0.028 0.004±0.032ab 0.011±0.076 0.064±0.067ab 0.012±0.027ab T –0.086±0.031 0.079±0.018a –0.004±0.026 0.107±0.034a 0.030±0.018ab V –0.041±0.026 0.069±0.026a 0.069±0.025 0.100±0.034a 0.044±0.016a P –0.038±0.032 –0.007±0.020b –0.002±0.041 –0.012±0.023b –0.014±0.014b TP –0.092±0.085 –0.036±0.028b –0.014±0.062 0.079±0.025a –0.018±0.029b VP –0.046±0.039 –0.016±0.048ab 0.025±0.026 –0.002±0.036b –0.014±0.020b 注: 字母标记同一时期内处理组间的显著差异Note: Letters mark significant differences between treatments during the same experiment period
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表 3 整个实验期间不同处理组的N2O交换通量与环境因子的Spearman相关性分析
Table 3 Spearman correlation analysis of N2O fluxes and environmental factors during the whole experiment period
组别Group 电导率
Conductivity
(μS/cm)溶解氧Dissolved oxygen
(mg/L)pH 溶解性有机碳Dissolved
organic carbon
(mg/L)总氮Total nitrogen
(mg/L)总磷Total phosphorus
(mg/L)C –0.051 –0.060 –0.040 0.208 –0.039 0.030 T 0.060 –0.302 –0.079 0.194 –0.026 0.050 V 0.089 –0.353* –0.153 0.472** 0.102 0.230 P –0.269 0.059 0.115 0.146 –0.188 0.321* TP 0.267 –0.061 –0.188 0.174 0.237 0.101 VP 0.078 –0.176 –0.135 0.051 0.022 0.040
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