STOCKING DENSITY ON WATER QUALITY AND NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF ANGUILLA JAPONICA IN SUMMER AND AUTUMN
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摘要:
研究以日本鳗鲡(Anguilla japonica)为研究对象, 分夏秋两季, 调查并讨论了放养密度对养殖鱼水质和营养品质变化的影响。夏季低密度组放养密度分别为1.51 (1号塘)、1.50 (2号塘)和1.49 kg/m2 (3号塘), 高密度组分别为2.17 (4号塘)、2.14 (5号塘)和2.13 kg/m2 (6号塘)。秋季低密度组放养密度分别为1.74 (Ⅰ号塘)、1.72 (Ⅱ号塘)和1.75 kg/m2 (Ⅲ号塘), 高密度组分别为2.36 (Ⅳ号塘)、2.34(Ⅴ号塘)和2.36 kg/m2 (Ⅵ号塘)。两次分别从每个养殖塘采集5份水样, 每个密度组养殖塘随机采集4尾日本鳗鲡。结果显示: 两季高密度塘水体透明度和溶氧显著低于低密度塘(P<0.05), 总氮、总磷、氨氮、亚硝酸盐、COD、叶绿素a指标显著高于低密度塘(P<0.05), 硅藻门、绿藻门、蓝藻门密度均大于低密度塘一个数量级, 且经统计分析, 夏季高密度组的蓝藻门密度显著高于低密度组(P<0.05)。此外, 高密度塘水体菌群Shannon指数显著低于低密度塘, Simpson指数则相反(P<0.05)。在门水平上, 经统计分析, 夏秋两季高密度组放线菌门均显著低于低密度组(P<0.05); 而夏季高密度组变形菌门极显著高于低密度组(P<0.01); 秋季拟杆菌门显著高于低密度组(P<0.05)。在营养品质方面, 日本鳗鲡肌肉的硬度、剪切力、咀嚼性、回复性参数及粗脂肪和粗蛋白含量均显著小于低密度塘(P<0.05); 水分含量显著高于低密度塘(P<0.05)。综上, 高密度与低密度塘相比, 水质指标、藻类组成、菌群多样性及鱼体质构、营养成分等指标中大部分参数呈现一致性负面影响, 共同构成日本鳗鲡品质与养殖环境的敏感参数。此外, 夏季日本鳗鲡放养密度为2.13—2.17 kg/m2水质呈现富营养化及轻度污染状态。
Abstract:This research aimed to investigate the influence of stocking density on the nutrient and water quality parameters of cultured Anguilla japonica in summer and autumn. The stocking densities of the low-density group in summer were 1.51 (pond 1), 1.50 (pond 2) and 1.49 kg/m2 (pond 3), while those of the high-density group were 2.17 (pond 4), 2.14 (pond 5) and 2.13 kg/m2 (pond 6), respectively. The stocking densities were 1.74 (pond Ⅰ), 1.72 (pond Ⅱ) and 1.75 kg/m2 (pond Ⅲ) for the low-density group and 2.36 (pond Ⅳ), 2.34 (pond Ⅴ) and 2.36 kg/m2 (pond Ⅵ) for the high-density group in autumn. Each time, five water samples and four eels were collected from each pond and each density groups, respectively. The results showed that high-density ponds exhibited lower water transparency and dissolved oxygen levels compared to that of low-density ponds (P<0.05). Moreover, high-density ponds had higher levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, ammonia, nitrite, chemical oxygen demand, and Chlorophyll a than that of their low-density counterparts (P<0.05). Bacillariophyte, Chlorophyll, and Cyanophyte were found to be ten times more abundant in high-density ponds. The Shannon index of bacteria decreased in high-density ponds while the Simpson index was the opposite. Actinobacteria in high-density group was significantly lower than that of low-density group in both seasons (P<0.05). Proteobacteria was significantly higher than that of low-density group in the summer (P<0.01), while Bacteroides was significantly higher than that of low-density group in autumn (P<0.05). In terms of nutritional quality, muscle firmness, shear force, chewiness, reparability parameters and crude fat and crude protein contents of Japanese eels in high-density group were significantly lower than those in low-density ponds (P<0.05), while the moisture content was the opposite (P<0.05). In conclusion, compared to low-density ponds, parameters like water quality index, algal composition, bacterial diversity, fish body composition and nutrient content in high-density group showed negative effects, which together constituted the sensitive parameters of Japanese eel quality and its culture environment. Moreover, 2.13—2.17 kg/m2 in summer seems to be an inappropriate density, which caused eutrophication and mild pollution in this study.
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Keywords:
- Stocking density /
- Nutritional quality /
- Texture /
- Changes of water quality /
- Anguilla japonica
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图 1 放养密度对夏季藻类门密度的影响
*表示同一季节各组之间存在显著性差异(P<0.05); 下同
Figure 1. Effect of stocking density on algal density (phylum) in summer
* indicates significant difference in groups in the same season (P<0.05); the same applies below
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图 2 放养密度对秋季藻类门密度的影响
Figure 2. Effect of stocking density on algal density(phylum) in autumn
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图 3 夏季放养密度对细菌群落的影响
**表示同一季节各组之间存在极显著性差异(P<0.01)
Figure 3. Effect of stocking density on bacterial communities in summer
** indicates a very significant difference in groups in the same season (P<0.01)
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图 4 秋季放养密度对细菌群落的影响
Figure 4. Effect of stocking density on bacterial communities in autumn
表 1 夏秋两季养殖塘放养密度相关数据
Table 1 Data related to stocking density of fish ponds in summer and autumn
鱼塘编号
Number of
fish pond鱼塘面积
Area of fish
ponds (m2)总尾数
Total
quantity总重量
Gross
weight
(kg)尾均重
Average
fish
weight
(g)放养密度
Stocking
density
(kg/m2)1 10000 38000 15116.40 397.80 1.51 2 10000 36000 14994.00 416.50 1.50 3 10000 37000 14888.80 402.40 1.49 4 10000 59000 21727.34 368.26 2.17 5 10000 57000 21364.17 374.81 2.14 6 10000 58000 21334.14 367.83 2.13 Ⅰ 10000 36000 17413.20 483.70 1.74 Ⅱ 10000 38000 17168.40 451.80 1.72 Ⅲ 10000 37000 17523.20 473.60 1.75 Ⅳ 10000 60000 23550.00 392.50 2.36 Ⅴ 10000 59000 23397.63 396.57 2.34 Ⅵ 10000 58000 23586.86 406.67 2.36 
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表 2 夏秋两季不同放养密度组鳗鲡的生长参数
Table 2 Growth parameters of eels from different stocking density groups in summer and autumn
季节
Season组别
Group初重
Initial body weight (g)末重
Final body weight (g)增重率
WGR (%)特定生长率
SGR (%/d)肝体比
HSI脏体比
VSI夏季
Summer高密度
High density46.33±0.44 370.30±2.26 705.00±4.91 1.39±0.01 0.80±0.09 2.43±0.13 低密度
Low density50.33±0.66 405.57±5.63 711.13±11.25 1.45±0.01 0.88±0.08 2.50±0.08 P值 P Value 0.007 0.004 0.644 0.003 0.551 0.660 秋季
Autumn高密度
High density45.57±0.98 398.58±4.21 785.73±9.36 1.38±0.01 1.50±0.07 3.68±0.31 低密度
Low density50.40±1.23 469.70±9.41 839.40±18.83 1.49±0.01 1.71±0.10 4.46±0.19 P值 P Value 0.037 0.002 0.063 0.002 0.164 0.097 注: P<0.05表示同一季节各组之间存在显著差异, P<0.01表示同一季节各组之间存在极显著差异, 下同Note: P<0.05 indicates significant difference in the same season, P<0.01 indicates a very significant difference in the same season, the same applies below
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表 3 夏秋两季不同放养密度组水质的物理参数
Table 3 Physical parameters of water quality in different stocking density groups in summer and autumn
季节
Season组别
Group温度
Temperature
(℃)透明度
Transparency
(cm)溶氧
Dissolved
oxygen
(mg/L)夏季
Summer高密度
High density32.75±0.21 17.17±1.36 7.37±0.39 低密度
Low density32.96±0.12 27.33±0.67 8.99±0.44 P值 P Value 0.435 0.003 0.046 秋季
Autumn高密度
High density22.44±0.09 17.60±0.58 7.90±0.02 低密度
Low density22.21±0.06 23.00±1.00 8.42±0.03 P值 P Value 0.106 0.007 0.001
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表 4 夏秋两季不同放养密度组水质的化学参数
Table 4 Chemical parameters of water quality in different stocking density groups in summer and autumn
季节
Season组别
Group酸碱度
pH化学需氧量
COD (mg/L)总氮
Total
nitrogen
(mg/L)总磷
Total
phosphorus
(mg/L)氨氮
Ammonia
nitrogen
(mg/L)亚硝酸盐
Nitrite
(mg/L)总硬度
Total hardness
(mmol/L)叶绿素a
Chlorophyll a
(μg/L)夏季
Summer高密度
High density8.37±0.35 7.75±0.26 nd nd 0.13±0 0.17±0.01 168.48±2.12 174.85±18.09 低密度
Low density8.57±0.12 5.73±0.33 nd nd 0.11±0 0.04±0 152.07±4.32 20.67±1.45 P值 P Value 0.620 0.009 nd nd 0.013 0.001 0.027 0.013 秋季
Autumn高密度
High density7.70±0.06 7.94±0.28 0.86±0.06 0.56±0.01 0.37±0.01 0.20±0.01 255.16±1.33 125.49±9.74 低密度
Low density7.80±0.06 6.40±0.47 0.55±0.08 0.45±0.01 0.22±0.02 0.12±0 176.97±6.69 44.60±2.05 P值 P Value 0.330 0.048 0.037 0.002 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.001 注: nd表示未检测Note: nd indicates not detected
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表 5 夏季不同放养密度养殖塘浮游藻类密度
Table 5 Plankton algae density in ponds with different stocking densities in summer
高密度组藻类
High-density group algae低密度组藻类
Low-density group algae种类
Phylum密度
Density (个/L)种类
Phylum密度
Density (个/L)硅藻门Bacillariophyta 20302844 硅藻门Bacillariophyta 3467457 舟形藻属Navicula 1200913 舟形藻属Navicula 1121672 小环藻属Cyclotella 15875774 小环藻属Cyclotella 733449 菱形藻属Nitzschia 922183 菱形藻属Nitzschia 588674 三角藻属Trieres 1381791 三角藻属Trieres 614131 桥弯藻属Cymbella 142330 桥弯藻属Cymbella 68200 曲壳藻属Achnanthes 68200 直链藻属Melosira 341331 星杆藻属Asterionella 711652 绿藻门Chlorophyta 165915774 绿藻门Chlorophyta 58063327 绿球藻属Chlorococcum 13892043 绿球藻属Chlorococcum 4508659 卵囊藻属Oocystis 8080217 卵囊藻属Oocystis 2768706 蹄形藻属Kirchneriella 33367591 蹄形藻属Kirchneriella 9400450 月牙藻属Selenastrum 4219504 月牙藻属Selenastrum 1164084 空球藻属Eudorina 2452235 空球藻属Eudorina 814378 小球藻属Chlorella 58954452 小球藻属Chlorella 10346289 衣藻属Chlamydomonas 9260374 衣藻属Chlamydomonas 12922793 栅藻属Scenedesmus 15336104 栅藻属Scenedesmus 13250275 团藻属Volvox 3146096 团藻属Volvox 853760 实球藻属Pandorina 1512261 实球藻属Pandorina 272800 鼓藻属Cosmarium 5859270 鼓藻属Cosmarium 1231953 十字藻属Crucigenia 3751000 十字藻属Crucigenia 179474 四孢藻属Tetraspora 5942296 四孢藻属Tetraspora 277153 空星藻属Coelastrum 142330 空星藻属Coelastrum 72553 蓝藻门Cyanophyta 14274557 蓝藻门Cyanophyta 1698483 平裂藻属Merismopedia 6861513 平裂藻属Merismopedia 136400 色球藻属Chroococcus 7128383 色球藻属Chroococcus 1353130 鱼腥藻属Anabaena 284661 鱼腥藻属Anabaena 208953 裸藻门Euglenophyta 1257252 裸藻门Euglenophyta 1493552 扁裸藻属Phacus 278730 扁裸藻属Phacus 682331 裸藻属Euglena 978522 裸藻属Euglena 811221 隐藻门Cryptophyta 23211722 隐藻门Cryptophyta 12356292 隐藻属Cryptomonas 22932991 隐藻属Cryptomonas 8676776 蓝隐藻属Chroomonas 278730 蓝隐藻属Chroomonas 3679516
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表 6 秋季不同放养密度养殖塘浮游藻类密度
Table 6 Plankton algae density in ponds with different stocking densities in autumn
高密度组藻类
High-density group algae低密度组藻类
Low-density group algae种类
Phylum密度
Density (个/L)种类
Phylum密度
Density (个/L)硅藻门Bacillariophyta 26131440 硅藻门Bacillariophyta 3683618 舟形藻属Navicula 2238800 舟形藻属Navicula 1650959 小环藻属Cyclotella 12206172 小环藻属Cyclotella 908395 菱形藻属Nitzschia 1799453 菱形藻属Nitzschia 281300 三角藻属Trieres 649314 三角藻属Trieres 375067 桥弯藻属Cymbella 5040776 桥弯藻属Cymbella 180692 曲壳藻属Achnanthes 1596947 曲壳藻属Achnanthes 180692 圆筛藻属Coscinodiscus 2599979 圆筛藻属Coscinodiscus 106513 绿藻门Chlorophyta 119065028 绿藻门Chlorophyta 84921579 绿球藻属Chlorococcum 52515082 绿球藻属Chlorococcum 8544369 卵囊藻属Oocystis 717331 卵囊藻属Oocystis 6817969 蹄形藻属Kirchneriella 10435804 蹄形藻属Kirchneriella 16839111 月牙藻属Selenastrum 1063301 月牙藻属Selenastrum 3718630 空球藻属Eudorina 2057893 空球藻属Eudorina 495728 小球藻属Chlorella 37909529 小球藻属Chlorella 36441619 衣藻属Chlamydomonas 2494767 衣藻属Chlamydomonas 5588618 栅藻属Scenedesmus 5714297 栅藻属Scenedesmus 2394341 团藻属Volvox 53257 团藻属Volvox 588792 实球藻属Pandorina 1105072 实球藻属Pandorina 518532 鼓藻属Cosmarium 1591297 鼓藻属Cosmarium 747974 十字藻属Crucigenia 426054 十字藻属Crucigenia 106122 四孢藻属Tetraspora 1802887 四孢藻属Tetraspora 1677106 空星藻属Coelastrum 1178458 空星藻属Coelastrum 442667 蓝藻门Cyanophyta 14926088 蓝藻门Cyanophyta 4945190 平裂藻属Merismopedia 5389050 平裂藻属Merismopedia 3014649 色球藻属Chroococcus 8927753 色球藻属Chroococcus 1411293 鱼腥藻属Anabaena 609284 鱼腥藻属Anabaena 519248 裸藻门Euglenophyta 7284712 裸藻门Euglenophyta 583902 扁裸藻属Phacus 1273459 扁裸藻属Phacus 494327 裸藻属Euglena 5792954 隐藻门Cryptophyta 9849539 隐藻门Cryptophyta 980241 隐藻属Cryptomonas 3378246 隐藻属Cryptomonas 2555146 蓝隐藻属Chroomonas 6471293 蓝隐藻属Chroomonas 5425095
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表 7 夏秋两季不同放养密度养殖塘水质细菌的多样性指数
Table 7 Diversity index of water quality bacteria in aquaculture ponds with different stocking densities in summer and autumn
季节
Season组别
Group香农指数
Shannon辛普森指数
Simpson覆盖率
Good coverage (%)夏季
Summer高密度
High density2.18±0.14 0.26±0.03 0.99±0 低密度
Low density3.33±0.26 0.12±0.03 0.99±0 P值 P Value 0.018 0.019 0.716 秋季
Autumn高密度
High density3.16±0.08 0.16±0.01 0.99±0 低密度
Low density3.52±0.05 0.11±0.01 0.99±0 P值 P Value 0.017 0.049 0.084
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表 8 夏秋两季不同放养密度养殖塘鳗鲡背肌的质构特性
Table 8 Textural characteristics of the eel dorsal muscle in different stocking density groups in summer and autumn
季节
Season组别
Group硬度
Hardness黏性
Stickiness弹性
Springiness咀嚼性
Chewiness胶着性
Gumminess黏聚性
Cohesiveness回复性
Resilience剪切力
Shearing force夏季
Summer高密度
High density450.79±15.30 0.49±0.04 0.59±0.02 149.54±6.91 318.56±17.95 0.61±0.02 0.90±0.03 16335.53±208.66 低密度
Low density517.13±9.19 0.51±0.06 0.57±0.02 228.50±7.18 288.56±10.56 0.59±0.01 1.13±0.02 17483.17±310.49 P值 P Value 0.001 0.739 0.527 <0.001 0.133 0.381 <0.001 0.041 秋季
Autumn高密度
High density414.27±17.47 0.26±0.12 0.65±0.01 153.69±7.31 273.74±13.01 0.63±0.01 0.96±0.03 14717.50±477.72 低密度
Low density479.95±16.92 0.33±0.12 0.65±0.02 228.08±12.71 274.83±14.13 0.62±0.01 1.18±0.04 16884.18±642.19 P值 P Value 0.014 0.676 0.877 <0.001 0.955 0.745 0.001 0.017
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表 9 夏秋两季不同放养密度养殖塘鳗鲡背肌的营养成分(湿重%)
Table 9 Nutrient composition of eel dorsal muscle in different stocking density groups in summer and autumn (% wet weight)
季节
Season组别
Group水分
Moisture粗脂肪
Crude lipid粗蛋白
Crude protein粗灰分
Ash夏季
Summer高密度
High density58.63±
0.0122.89±
0.4516.58±
0.391.16±
0.07低密度
Low density56.10±
0.0124.97±
0.5918.71±
0.291.03±
0.01P值 0.04 0.031 0.003 0.208 秋季
Autumn高密度
High density60.03±
0.0123.35±
0.2316.33±
0.351.25±
0.07低密度
Low density57.75±
024.92±
0.2817.53±
0.051.14±
0.04P值 0.033 0.005 0.024 0.194
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